?????? ???

??? ??? ???; Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
?? ??
??	1809? 1? 15?; ??? ?? ???
??	1865? 1? 19?(56?); ??? ?? ??
??	???
??
??	????? ??

百度为了能和心爱的游戏相约，我就努力让自己的学习变得更好。

??? ??? ???(????: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon), 1809? 1? 15? ~ 1865? 1? 19?)? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? '?????'(????: anarchiste)?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??.

??

???? ??

???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ??? ????? 9? ? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??(?????)? ? ? ???. ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ? ???, ???, ????, ????? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???. 1838? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????. ?? 《??? ?????》(What Is Property?)?? ??? ?????? ?????? 《???? ?? ??》? ?? ??? ???? ?????.

?? ?????? ??

?? 1843? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???. ???? 1842? ? 《??? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??》? ??, ?? ????? 《??? ??》?? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.

????? ??

???? 1848? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????? 〈??〉(Le Peuple)?? ???? 3?? ???? ?? ??? 3?? ??? 3,000??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? 1852? ????. ?? ??????? ???? ????(Euphrasie Piegard)? ????? 《???? ??》? 〈??? ???〉? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????. ?? 1858? ?? ?????? ???《??? ??? ???》?? ?? 3?? ??? 4,000??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???.^[1] 1862? ?? ??? ???? 《??? ??》?《????? ??? ??? ???》? ??. ?? 1865? ????? ????.

??

??? ??

??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ‘??’? ???, ??? ? ??? ??(????)? ???? ??? ??? ??(????)? ?? ? ??? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ?? ????? ? ???. ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???.^[2] ??(Property) ??? ?? ????, ????"??? ???? ?"(Property is Theft)^[3]??? ???, ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???.

?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??(occupancy)?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??(possession)? ???^[4] ?????. ?? ???? ???? ‘??? ????, ??? ????.’ ?? ???.^[5]

???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??(Property)? ???? ????. ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??(occupying)?? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ??? ??? ??? "???"? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ???? ??. ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????.

??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???. ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???(?, ??? ???)? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ???. ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.

(...) ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??(possession)? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.^[6]

???? ????(personal property)? ??(possession), ??? ????(propriété), ? ??? ??? ????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???^[7]

??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??(?: ???? ?, ???? ?? ?)? ?????, ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??(propriété)? ????? ???.

???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??(???, ??, ???? ?)? ???? ??? ????.^[5]^[8]

?, ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??(rent), ??(interest), ????? ??(profit)? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???? ?? ???? ??(property)? ??(possession)? ???? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??(Benjamin Tucker)? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????(private property)??? ??? ???, ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????.^[9]

????? ??? ??

?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????, ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??, ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??? ??? ???(機構的)?? ???? ?? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ‘???’? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ? ??? ???.

????? ?? ????

???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???.^[10]

?? "??? ?????"?? ??? ?? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???, ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??, ??, ??? ?? ??? ??(????)? ???? ??? ???.^[11]

???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??-???(use-ownership: possession)? ????? ????(Mutualism)?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??, ????? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??-????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? '????'? ?? ??? ????.^[12]

?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??, ???? ???? '????(Banque du Peuple)'? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? "??? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ??, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????."?? ??. ?? ? ??? ? ???? ????? ?? ??, ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????.^[13]

?? ???? ???? "??? ??? ?? ? ????"^[14] ?? ?????, "?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???" ? ????? ?? ?????(personal possessions) ???? ???? ?? ????.^[15]

??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????, ?????????? ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???.^[16]

??????? ??

?? ??? ?? ??? 19??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? 《??? ??》?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?????.

?? ??

????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.

??

↑ ???????《??? ?? ????? 》(????,P61)(
↑ ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.
↑ 1840? ??? ???? 『???? ????』?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??? ? ??? ???? ?? “??? ????”?? ??????? ? ?? ??-??? ???(Jacques-Pierre Brissot)? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???, ??? propriété?? ??? ??? ?????? '??'?? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ??, ?? '??' ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????.
-???. (1988). ??? ???? ???. ?????(1). ???. 55?-
↑ ??? possession? '??' ?? ????? ??.
↑ ^? ^? Roberts, Joseph T. F. (2023). “The First Anarchist: Who was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon?”. 《The Collector》. 2025? 2? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 2? 22?? ???.
↑ Roberts, Joseph T. F. (2023). “The First Anarchist: Who was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon?”. 《The Collector》. 2025? 2? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 2? 22?? ???.
??: The underlying cause of this oppression, Proudhon argues, is the existence of state-backed property rights. Property, in his view, is both theft and freedom. It is theft when one person owns the property that others need to survive. Property is theft when the person who owns it can own it without occupying it and can derive rent, income, and profit simply because they hold legal title. It is this form of property that allows a minority of property owners to control a majority of citizens, who are forever in debt simply because they don’t hold “title.” In this sense, property enabled a form of enslavement of the propertyless by the propertied minority. It is this enslavement that Proudhon’s anarchism seeks to challenge.
This, however, is not to say that all property should be held collectively. Unlike Marx, Proudhon doesn’t want property to be held as a monopoly by anyone, including the state. That, too, would enable the minority (i.e, political elites) to exercise undue control over the lives of the majority. If the proletariat is to achieve full emancipation, it must do so without the power of the state.
(...)What is needed is a property regime that enables freedom for all. The best way of guaranteeing freedom for all, Proudhon argues, is for each person or small group to own their own means of production. Property is legitimate when it is co-extensive with possession. Proudhon objects not to property per se, but to large accumulations.
↑ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology? (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781849350242. "From the distinction between possession and property arise two sorts of rights: the jus in re, the right in a thing, the right by which I may reclaim the property which I have acquired, in whatever hands I find it; and the jus ad rem, the right to a thing, which gives me a claim to become a proprietor. Thus the right of the partners to a marriage over each other's person is the jus in re; that of two who are betrothed is only the jus ad rem. In the first, possession and property are united; the second includes only naked property. With me who, as a laborer, have a right to the possession of the products of Nature and my own industry,—and who, as a proletaire, enjoy none of them,—it is by virtue of the jus ad rem that I demand admittance to the jus in re."
↑ McKay, Iain (2008/2012). “An Anarchist FAQ – Appendix: Anarchism and "Anarcho"-capitalism – Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's "Anarchist Theory FAQ" version 5.2”. Edinburgh and Oakland: AK Press. 28 June 2025? ?? ???? ??? ??. 13 July 2025? ???. ?? ?? ? ?? ??: |date= (???)
↑ The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). "Appendix: Anarchism and "Anarcho"-capitalism – Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's "Anarchist Theory FAQ" version 5.2". An Anarchist Faq. I/II. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 9781902593906, 9781849351225. OCLC 182529204. "Tucker and Bakunin both shared Proudhon's opposition to private property (in the capitalist sense of the word), although Tucker confused this opposition (and possibly the casual reader) by talking about possession as 'property.
↑ McKay, Iain, ??. (2012). 〈Appendix: Anarchism and 'anarcho'-capitalism〉. 《An Anarchist FAQ》 II. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 9781849351225.
↑ The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). An Anarchist Faq. I/II. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 9781902593906, 9781849351225. OCLC 182529204.
↑ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1863). Du principe Fédératif [Principle of Federation].
↑ Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. "Theory of Property". Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. pp. 129, 133, 135–136.
↑ Edwards, Steward. "Introduction". Selected Writings of P.J. Proudhon.
↑ Guérin, Daniel, ed. (2006). No Gods, No Masters. 1. Oakland: AK Press. p. 62. ISBN 9781904859253.
↑ Vincent 1984, 234?.

?? ??

? ???? ????????(? ???)?? GFDL ?? CC-SA ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????.
Graham, Robert. “The General Idea of Proudhon’s Revolution”. 《Anarchy Archives》. 2025? 6? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 6? 11?? ???.
Mckay, Iain (2011). "Mutualism, yes and no". libcom.org

[1] ???????《??? ?? ????? 》(????,P61)(

[2] ??? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????.

[3] 1840? ??? ???? 『???? ????』?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???, ??? ? ??? ???? ?? “??? ????”?? ??????? ? ?? ??-??? ???(Jacques-Pierre Brissot)? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???, ??? propriété?? ??? ??? ?????? '??'?? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ??, ?? '??' ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????.
-???. (1988). ??? ???? ???. ?????(1). ???. 55?-

[4] ??? possession? '??' ?? ????? ??.

[Roberts2023-5] ? ^? Roberts, Joseph T. F. (2023). “The First Anarchist: Who was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon?”. 《The Collector》. 2025? 2? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 2? 22?? ???.

[6] Roberts, Joseph T. F. (2023). “The First Anarchist: Who was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon?”. 《The Collector》. 2025? 2? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2025? 2? 22?? ???.
??: The underlying cause of this oppression, Proudhon argues, is the existence of state-backed property rights. Property, in his view, is both theft and freedom. It is theft when one person owns the property that others need to survive. Property is theft when the person who owns it can own it without occupying it and can derive rent, income, and profit simply because they hold legal title. It is this form of property that allows a minority of property owners to control a majority of citizens, who are forever in debt simply because they don’t hold “title.” In this sense, property enabled a form of enslavement of the propertyless by the propertied minority. It is this enslavement that Proudhon’s anarchism seeks to challenge.
This, however, is not to say that all property should be held collectively. Unlike Marx, Proudhon doesn’t want property to be held as a monopoly by anyone, including the state. That, too, would enable the minority (i.e, political elites) to exercise undue control over the lives of the majority. If the proletariat is to achieve full emancipation, it must do so without the power of the state.
(...)What is needed is a property regime that enables freedom for all. The best way of guaranteeing freedom for all, Proudhon argues, is for each person or small group to own their own means of production. Property is legitimate when it is co-extensive with possession. Proudhon objects not to property per se, but to large accumulations.

[7] Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph; McKay, Iain, ed. (2011). Property is Theft!: A Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Anthology? (illustrated revised ed.). Oakland: AK Press. p. 91. ISBN 9781849350242. "From the distinction between possession and property arise two sorts of rights: the jus in re, the right in a thing, the right by which I may reclaim the property which I have acquired, in whatever hands I find it; and the jus ad rem, the right to a thing, which gives me a claim to become a proprietor. Thus the right of the partners to a marriage over each other's person is the jus in re; that of two who are betrothed is only the jus ad rem. In the first, possession and property are united; the second includes only naked property. With me who, as a laborer, have a right to the possession of the products of Nature and my own industry,—and who, as a proletaire, enjoy none of them,—it is by virtue of the jus ad rem that I demand admittance to the jus in re."

[8] McKay, Iain (2008/2012). “An Anarchist FAQ – Appendix: Anarchism and "Anarcho"-capitalism – Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's "Anarchist Theory FAQ" version 5.2”. Edinburgh and Oakland: AK Press. 28 June 2025? ?? ???? ??? ??. 13 July 2025? ???. ?? ?? ? ?? ??: |date= (???)

[9] The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). "Appendix: Anarchism and "Anarcho"-capitalism – Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's "Anarchist Theory FAQ" version 5.2". An Anarchist Faq. I/II. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 9781902593906, 9781849351225. OCLC 182529204. "Tucker and Bakunin both shared Proudhon's opposition to private property (in the capitalist sense of the word), although Tucker confused this opposition (and possibly the casual reader) by talking about possession as 'property.

[McKay_2012-10] McKay, Iain, ??. (2012). 〈Appendix: Anarchism and 'anarcho'-capitalism〉. 《An Anarchist FAQ》 II. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 9781849351225.

[AFAQ-11] The Anarchist FAQ Collective; McKay, Ian, ed. (2008/2012). An Anarchist Faq. I/II. Oakland/Edinburgh: AK Press. ISBN 9781902593906, 9781849351225. OCLC 182529204.

[12] Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph (1863). Du principe Fédératif [Principle of Federation].

[13] Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. "Theory of Property". Selected Writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. pp. 129, 133, 135–136.

[14] Edwards, Steward. "Introduction". Selected Writings of P.J. Proudhon.

[Guérin_2006,_p._62-15] Guérin, Daniel, ed. (2006). No Gods, No Masters. 1. Oakland: AK Press. p. 62. ISBN 9781904859253.

[FOOTNOTEVincent1984234-16] Vincent 1984, 234?.

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