车讯:共计26522辆 奔驰召回部分GL级/GLE/GLS
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百度 与此同时,由人民日报出版社出版、何伟社长担任主编的《破晓中国汽车品牌向上实录(2017)》新书发布隆重揭幕,《破晓》在收录中国品牌巡礼系列报道的精华内容基础上,同时集纳了行业专家的专论文章,对中国汽车企业以及中国乘用车企业的成长路径进行了全面展示,对企业面临的发展难题和瓶颈进行了深刻剖析,就行业未来趋势和前景提出了预判和建议,以此助力汽车产业健康发展和持续向上。
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? ?? ??(Nuclear arms race)? ?? ?? ??, ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????. ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???.
??? ??? ?2? ?? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????·???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? 1949?? RDS-1 ??? ????. ??? ?? 1950?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. ??? ?? ??? 1961? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ???? 1963? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????. ?? LLNL? VNIITF??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????.
7? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ???? ?? NATO ?????, ?? 1950??? 1960??? ??? ? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????. ????, ??, ????, ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.
??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ????. ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????. 1960??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???, NATO ???? ??, ????, ???, ????, ??? ???? ??, ????, ???, ??? ?? ???.
? ??? ??? ??? 6.25 ??, ?1? ?? ?? ??, ?2? ?? ?? ??, 1961? ??? ??, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????. ?? 1960??? 1970?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ? ?? ??? 1980?? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? I? ?? ? ??? ?????, 1991? ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???.
???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??. 1993?? ??? II, 1996?? CTBT, ??? 2010?? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?? ?2? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??. ?? INF? ? ??? ??? ???-????? ??? ???? 2019?? 2023?? ?????, ???? 6?? "? ??? ??"? ????. ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??.
?2? ?? ?? ??
[??]?2? ?? ?? ??? 4? ??? ?? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.[4] ?? ???? ??, ?? ? ????, ?? ? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????.[5]
???-?? ??
[??]1934??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.
1940? ?, ??? ?2? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? 187??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???. ?? 4? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ???? ??????, 6? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ? ??? ? ?????? ??? ?????.[6][7]
1941? 2? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???. ????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.[8][9]
1943? 2?, ???????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????. ? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????.[10]
1943?, ?? ?????? AZUSA ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??.[11] 1944? 12?, OSS ??? ? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ??, ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???.[12][13]
??-?? ??
[??]1945? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ????. 3? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??? 100?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????.[14][15] 4?, ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? 5?? 6? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???. ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????.[16] ??? ????? ??, ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??. ?? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????.
??? 1945? 7? 24? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? S. ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???.[17][18] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? 8? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.
??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?, ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???.[18]
??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????(???? ???? ? ???? ?? ???)[19] ???? ? ????? ?? ?? ???.[19] ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??(???? ???[20]? ???? ? ??)? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ?????.[21] ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????. 1950? ???? ??? ?? ??, ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ? ?? 1951?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[22]
1945? 8?, ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ? ?? ??? ?????, ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? B-29 ???? ?????.
1945? ?2? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????. 1946? 1? ???? ?? ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ???? ????.[23] ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??? ???? ? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????.[24]
? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? 1950??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ???, ??? ?????, ????? ????? ?? ??.
?? ??
[??]?? ??
[??]?2? ?? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???. ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????.
?? ?? 6?? ?, ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ??? ????.[25] ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ? ??? ??? ???? ?2? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? 95?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????.
???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???. ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?? ???? ??? 1950?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ??? 1949? 8? 29?? ????. ???? "? ?? ??"?? ??? ? ??? 1945? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? "? ?"? ?? ??? ??? ????.
?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ? ? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? 1952? 11? 1? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????.[26] "??? ???"?? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????. ?? ? 100 ?? (160 km), ?? 25 ?? (40 km)? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???.[27] ?? ?? ??? 1953? 8?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????. ? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ???.
1954? 3? 1?, ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[28] ????? ??? ??? 5????? ???????, ???? 14.8???? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ????.[29][30] ??? ?? ?? ? ??? 300 ?? (480 km) ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????, ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? 90 ?? (140 km) ??? ?? ?? ?5????? ??? ? ? ?? ????.[31]
??? 1955? 11? 22?, 1.6???? ??? ?? ? ?? "???" ????? ?????. 1961? 10? 30?, ??? ? 58???? ??? ?? ????? ?????.[32]
?? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ??.[33]
?? ??
[??]?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????.
???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ?? ????. 1950???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???("IRBM")? ?????, ??? ????? ? ? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? (ICBM)? ???. 1957? 10? 4?, ??? ??? ????? ????? 1?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ICBM? ???? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ????. ??? 1958? 1? 31? ? ??? ????? 1?? ????.
??, ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. 1960?? ???? ??? ??? "?? ??"(triad)? ??????, ? ?? ???, ICBM, SLBM? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????.
1960?? ? ????? ? ???? ?? ?? ??(??, ?? ???, ??)? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ? ???, ???? ?? ??? ??? ICBM ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? 1962?? ????? ?? ????, ??? USS ?? ?? (SSBN-608)? ???? A2 ???? ??????? ? ????? 1,000 ?? (1,600 km) ?? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????. ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ? ???, ??? ??? SLBM??? ??? ICBM?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????.
?? | ??? | ?? | ??? | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | |
1964 | 2,416 | 375 | 6,800 | 500 | 7,500 | 1,000 |
1966 | 2,396 | 435 | 5,000 | 550 | 5,600 | 1,200 |
1968 | 2,360 | 1,045 | 4,500 | 850 | 5,100 | 2,300 |
1970 | 2,230 | 1,680 | 3,900 | 1,800 | 4,300 | 3,100 |
1972 | 2,230 | 2,090 | 5,800 | 2,100 | 4,100 | 4,000 |
1974 | 2,180 | 2,380 | 8,400 | 2,400 | 3,800 | 4,200 |
1976 | 2,100 | 2,390 | 9,400 | 3,200 | 3,700 | 4,500 |
1978 | 2,058 | 2,350 | 9,800 | 5,200 | 3,800 | 5,400 |
1980 | 2,042 | 2,490 | 10,000 | 7,200 | 4,000 | 6,200 |
1982 | 2,032 | 2,490 | 11,000 | 10,000 | 4,100 | 8,200 |
?????? (MAD)
[??]1960?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?????(?? ???? ??), ?? ?2???? ???. ??? ??? ??????? ????. ?, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????.
??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? 6.25 ?? ? ???? ???? ??? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ? ??? ????.
??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ????, 1950???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????. 1960? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?1?? ??? ?????? ????.
?? ???
[??]??? ?? ?? ??,[36] ???????,[37] ???[38] ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????.
1952? ??? ???? ??[39]?? 25???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? 1946? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? 1947? 1?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????. ? ?? ???? ???? ??? 1957? 11? 8? ????? ?? ???? 1.8???? ??? ???.[40] ?? 1958? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ?????, ??-?? ? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ??, SEPECAT ???, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? WE.177 ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????.
???? 1960? 2? 13?, ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? "????? ??"? ????? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???.[41] ???? ?2? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? 1950?? ???? ?????. 8? ?, ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ????. ?? 2.6???? ??? ???.[42] ? ??? 6? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????, ?? AN-22 ?? ??? ASMP ????? ?? ???, ??? ? ??? ?? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? IV ???? ??? ? ?? ????.
???????? 1964? 10? 16?, ?????? 596??? ????? 25???? ???-235 ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???.[43] 1950?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??? 1950?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? 1960??? ??? ??? ????.[44] ??/?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???. ?? ?? ??? ? ???? H-6 ???? ??? ?? ??, ??-2, ??-3, ??-4? ?? ??? ??,[45] ??? ?? ???? 092? ?? ??? ????? ?????. 1967? 6? 14?, ??? ? ????? ?????.
?? ??? ??
[??]
1959? 1? 1?, ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???. ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ??? 1? 10? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????. ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???. 1962? 10? 14?, ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????.[46]
??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? DEFCON 3? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? DEFCON 2? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????. ??? DEFCON 2? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???. ?? ?1?? ????? 1962? 10? 26? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??. "?????, ? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????."[47]
?? 10? 28?, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?, ??? ?????? ?? ? ???? ???? ?????. ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??. ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????.
???
[??]
1970??? ??? ??? 30??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ????. ? ??? ???? ????.
? ???? 1950??? ??? ?? ???? ???? 1970??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??? I? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????.
??
[??]1958?, ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? 1961? ??? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????, 1962??? ?? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???, ?? 1963? 10? 10? ??? ??? ?? ??(LTBT)? ?????.[48] ?? ??, ??, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ?? ???, ??, ?? ???? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ?????. 1963? ?? 113??? ??? ? ??? ????.
SALT I? SALT II? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???, ??? ?? ??? ???, ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????.
1969? 11?, ?? ?? ?? ??(SALT)? ?????. ?? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????. 1972? 5?? ??? SALT I ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??(ABM ??)? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????.[49] ABM ??? ??? ? ?? ABM ??? ?? ? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???(ICBM)? ??? ?? ?? ???(SLBM) ?? 5? ?? ?? ???? ????. ? ??? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???. ??? SALT I? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???. ?? ?? ?? ????(MIRV)?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????. ?? 10? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? 12,000?? ???? ????.
1970?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ???? ????. 1979? 6? 18?, SALT II ??? ????? ??? ?????. ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????. ??? 1979? 12? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? SALT II ??? ???? ???. ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???.[50]
1991?, ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? START (?? ?? ?? ??)? ?????. ?? ?? ??? II, START III, ??? ? ??? ???? ????.
???? ??????
[??]
????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??("MIRV")? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? "????"?? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ????. ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???. ??? SDI? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????. ? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???, ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ??? ????.[51] ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????.
??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? SDI ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????????? ?????.
?? ??
[??]
1980?? ?? ??-?? ??? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ? ?? ????? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? "???????"? "??????"?? ??? ??? ????. ?????? 1986? 10? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? 50% ??? ????. ??? ? ??? ???? SDI? ?? ???? ?????. ?? 1987? 12? 8? ????? ??? ??? ??(INF ??)? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????.[52]
?? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ???, ??? ? ???? ??? ?????. 1991? 12? 16??? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? 12? 25? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ? ???? ?????.
?? ??
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??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???. ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ? ?? ?? ???? ? ???? ???? ??. ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???.[53]
??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????. ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ????.
?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????. 1995?, ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??(SAG)? ?? ????? ??? "?? ?? ???? ??" ??? ?????.
21?? ? ?? ??
[??]2001? 12? 13?, ?? W. ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ????.[54]
2010? 4? 8?, ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?????, ? ??? ?? ???? ???? 50% ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????.[55] ?? ??? 2010? 12?? 4?? 3 ??? ???? ? ??? ????.

2016? 12? 22?, ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? "??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??"? ?????,[56] ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?, ???? MSNBC? ?? ? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? "?? ??? ?? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???"?? ???.[57]
2018? 10?, ? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? INF ? ???? ??? ?? "??? ??? ??? ???"? "??? ?? ??? ?????"? ????.[58][59]
2019?, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? 1? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.[60]?:Confusing-inline
2022? 8? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???,[61] ?? ???? 90% ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ? ?? ?? 3? 6?? ?? ?????, 50? ? ??(??? 80%)? ??? ????? ???? ? ???. ??, ??, ???, ?? ??? ? 99%? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???, ???? 95%? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???.[62][63][64]
2023? 2? 21?, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ????,[65] ???? ??? NATO? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???.[66]
2024? 7?, ? ??? ???? 2026??? ??? ??? ??? 10? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????.[67][68] ??? ?? ???? SM-6 ? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???.[68] ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? 1979? ???? ?? II ???? ??? ?? ???? ??.[69][68] ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???.[70] ??? ?? ???? ???, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ? ??.[71]
2024? 8?, ? ??????? "??? ? ?? ??? ???? ??"? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???, ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? "???" ??????? ??? ??? ???.[72]
??? ????
[??]?????? ??? ???? ?? 1970???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????. ? ??? 1974? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.[73] ?? ??? ? ??? "??? ???"??? ????, ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.[74]
? ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. ????? 1972??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????. 1974? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ????. 20?? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ????. ??? 1998?, ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???(???-I ? ???-II)? ????? ??? ????.[75]
2022? 8? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ??? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? 20? ? ??? ??? ? ??? ????.[76]
?? ?????(DIA)? 2025? ?? ?? ??? ???, ????? ??? ???? 1999? ??? 60-80??? 2025??? ? 200?? ??? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????.[77][78]
? ?? ??
[??]?? ??? ??, ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? 1950??? LIM-49 ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ICBM? ????? ??.
??? ?? A-35? ??? A-135 ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ABM ???? ????. ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?????,[79] ???? ??? ???? ???.
2006? 11?, ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??(PAD) ??? ??? ????, ??? 2007? 12??? ?? ??(AAD) ???? ????.[80][81]
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? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ?? ? ?? ?? ? ????.[82] ? ???? ?? ??, ?? ???? ??, ??, ??? ?? ????.[82]
? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ?? ??, ???, ??, ??, ???, ?? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???.[82]
?? ??? 1991? 9? 27? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????.[83] ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ???? ????.[83]
2017? ???????? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??.[82] ??? ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ???? ???.[82]
? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???. ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??.
2010??? ?????????(START)? ?? ??? ???.[84] ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????.[84]
??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??.[84]
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- ???
- ↑ Borger, Julian (1999? 10? 21?). “Washington's unwitting atomic allies”. 《the Guardian》. 2025? 5? 24?? ???.
- ↑ Burr, William (2006? 9? 26?). “How Many and Where Were the Nukes? What the U.S. Government No Longer Wants You to Know about Nuclear Weapons During the Cold War”. 《The National Security Archive》. 2025? 5? 24?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? Kütt, Moritz; Mian, Zia (2022? 1? 2?). 《Setting the Deadline for Nuclear Weapon Removal from Host States under the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons》. 《Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament》 5. 148–161?. doi:10.1080/25751654.2022.2046405. ISSN 2575-1654. 2025? 5? 24?? ???.
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- ↑ William Tobey (January–February 2012), “Nuclear scientists as assassination targets”, 《???????》 68 (1): 63–64, Bibcode:2012BuAtS..68a..61T, doi:10.1177/0096340211433019, S2CID 145583391, citing ??? ???'s book, Heisenberg's War (1993).
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- ↑ ? ? Potsdam Note (Animation) ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??
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- ↑ Oishi, Matashichi; Maclellan, Nic (2017), “The fisherman”, 《Grappling with the Bomb》, Britain's Pacific H-bomb tests (ANU Press), 55–68?, ISBN 9781760461379, JSTOR j.ctt1ws7w90.9
- ↑ “The Soviet Response”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ "Race"?? ???? ? ??? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???. ??? ????, ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ????. --??? ? (1962) ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ????, ???? ???.
- ↑ Gerald Segal, The Simon & Schuster Guide to the World Today, (??? & ???, 1987), p. 82
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- ↑ “Britain Goes Nuclear”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ Chapitre II, Les premiers essais Fran?ais au Sahara : 1960–1966 ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ?? Senat.fr (in French)
- ↑ “France Joins the Club”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ “China's Nuclear Weapons”. 《nuclearweaponarchive.org》.
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- ↑ “Theater Missile Systems”. 《fas.org》.
- ↑ “Cuban Missile Crisis”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ "Document 65 – Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian." Document 65 – Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges – Historical Documents – Office of the Historian. Accessed October 30, 2014.
- ↑ “Limited Test Ban Treaty”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》. 2021? 1? 17?? ???.
- ↑ “Easing The Tensions”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ “The Arms Race Resumes”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ “Reagan's Star Wars”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ “The End of the Cold War”. 《www.atomicarchive.com》.
- ↑ Masco, Joseph (2006). 《The nuclear borderlands: the Manhattan Project in post-Cold War New Mexico》 paperback?. ???? ??? ???. 78?. ISBN 978-0-691-12077-5.
- ↑ Majumdar, Dave (2018? 3? 1?). “Russia's Nuclear Weapons Buildup Is Aimed at Beating U.S. Missile Defenses”. 《The National Interest》 (USA).
- ↑ “What's the arms race? A short history”. 《USA ???》.
- ↑ “Trump's call for an 'arms race' flabbergasts nuclear experts”. 《NBC ??》. 2016? 12? 23?.
- ↑ Pilkington, Ed; Pengelly, Martin (2016? 12? 24?). “'Let it be an arms race': Donald Trump appears to double down on nuclear expansion”. 《The Guardian》.
- ↑ Ellyatt, Holly (2018? 10? 22?). “Gorbachev says Trump's nuclear treaty withdrawal 'not the work of a great mind'”. CNBC.
- ↑ Swanson, Ian (2018? 10? 27?). “Trump stokes debate about new Cold War arms race”. 《The Hill》.
- ↑ “Russia warns about nuclear war possibility”. 《www.aa.com.tr》.
- ↑ Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; J?germeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (2022? 8? 15?). 《Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection》. 《??? ??》 3. 586–596?. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0. hdl:11250/3039288. PMID 37118594. S2CID 251601831.
- ↑ Xia et al.(2022, esp. Tables 1 and 2); 5 billion = 80% of the 6.7 billion 2010 population in the countries included in the study; the difference between the 6.7 billion included in the study and the 7 billion 2010 ?? ?? is not likely to make a substantive difference in this percentage.
- ↑ Diaz-Maurin, Fran?ois (2022? 10? 20?). “Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else”. 《???????》.
- ↑ “World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds”. 《CBS ??》. 2022? 8? 16?.
- ↑ “Putin pulls back from last remaining nuclear arms control pact with the US”. 《CNN》. 2023? 2? 21?.
- ↑ “Putin defends Ukraine invasion, warns West in address” (??). NHK ??. 2023? 2? 21?.
- ↑ “A new arms race in Europe? US long-range weapons in Germany”. 《??? ??》. 2024? 7? 13?.
- ↑ ? ? ? “Putin warns US against deploying long-range missiles in Germany”. 《???》. 2024? 7? 28?.
- ↑ “Russia says US missiles in Germany signal return of Cold War”. 《????》. 2024? 7? 11?.
- ↑ “Germany split on US stationing long-range cruise missiles”. 《??? ??》. 2024? 7? 11?.
- ↑ “Thanks to Putin, the U.S. will again place long-range missiles in Germany”. 《? ?》. 2024? 7? 12?.
- ↑ “America prepares for a new nuclear-arms race”. 《? ??????》. 2024? 8? 12?. ISSN 0013-0613. 2024? 8? 13?? ???.
- ↑ “India's Nuclear Weapons Program – Smiling Buddha: 1974”. 《nuclearweaponarchive.org》.
- ↑ FIles. “1974 Nuclear files”. 《Nuclear Age Peace Foundation》. Nuclear files archives. 2016? 7? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2013? 1? 14?? ???.
- ↑ Khan, Feroz (2012). 《Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb》. Stanford University Press. 429?. ISBN 9780804784801. 2023? 1? 16?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2022? 4? 15?? ???.
- ↑ “India-Pakistan nuclear war could kill 2 billion people: Study”. 《WION》. 2022? 8? 16?.
- ↑ Jacob, Jayanth (2025? 5? 25?). “Pakistan modernising nuclear arsenal; views India as 'existential threat', says US intelligence”. 《The New Indian Express》 (??). 2025? 5? 28?? ???.
- ↑ “Pak's Mass Destruction Weapons Mention In US Threat Report - And China Link”. 《NDTV》 (??). 2025? 5? 28?? ???.
- ↑ Tania Branigan (2010? 1? 12?). “China 'successfully tests missile interceptor'”. 《the Guardian》.
- ↑ Ratliff, Ben. “India successfully tests missile interceptor”. 《International Herald Tribune》. 2009? 3? 10?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 12? 6?? ???.
- ↑ “Akash Missile Achieves Direct-Hit, Destroys Banshee Target”. 《The New Indian Express》. 2014? 11? 23?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? Muller, Harald (2020). 《Nuclear Disarmament without the Nuclear-Weapon States: The Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty》. 《Daedalus》 149. 171–189?. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00109. S2CID 214612868.
- ↑ ? ? ? Wirtz, James (2019). 《Nuclear disarmament and the end of chemical weapons 'system of restraint'》. 《International Affairs》 95. 785–799?. doi:10.1093/ia/iiz108.
- ↑ ? ? ? Knopf, Jeffery (2012). 《Nuclear Disarmament and Nonproliferation》. 《International Security》 37. 92–132?. doi:10.1162/ISEC_a_00109. S2CID 57570232.
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?? ??
[??]- "? ??? ????" ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??, 2009? 10? ??? JFK ????? ?? ???? ? ??. ? ?? ??: "?? ?? ??? ?? ??", "?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??", "??? ? ?? ??", "???, ????, ??? ????".
?? ??
[??]- Erik Ringmar, "?? ??: ?? ??? ? ??," Cooperation & Conflict, 37:2, 2002. pp. 115–136. – ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??.
- ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??